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Key features of object oriented programming (OOP): inheritance – polymorphic and encapsulation (and fundamentally abstraction).
Table of Contents
1. C Programming Basics
Basics
Comments
Variables [Integers – Short – Long — Char — Floating Point – double – long double — Boolean — unsigned data types — Type Conversion]
Casts
Output/Input
Arithmetic Operators
2. Loops & Decisions
Logical operators
Loops [For loop — While loop — Do loop]
Decisions [If — Switch]
Conditional operator — Logical Operator
Other Control Statements
3. Structures
Structures
Enumerations
4. Functions
No arguments
Passing constants as arguments
Passing variables
Overloaded functions
Inline functions
Default arguments
Variables and Storage Classes
Automatic
External
Static
Returning by reference
Const function arguments
5. Objects & Classes
C++ Objects as data types
Constructors
Destructors
Objects as function arguments
The default copy constructor
Returning objects from functions
Card game example
Structures and classes
Static class data – object, classes and memory
const and classes
const objects
6. Arrays & Strings
Arrays Fundamentals
Multidimensional arrays
Arrays as function arguments
Arrays of structures
Arrays as class member data
Arrays of objects
Arrays of cards
C-strings
7. Operator Overloading
8. Inheritance
9. Pointers
10. Virtual Functions
11. Streams & Files
12. Multi-file programs
13. Templates & Exceptions
14. Standard Template Library
15. Object-Oriented Design
Appendix: Necessary Notes
Header files needed for some library functions
1. C Programming Basics
Basics
#include
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Hello world!" << endl;
return 0;
}
Comments
#include
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout << "Hello world!" << endl; //that's a comment
return 0;
/*
and this is a multi-line
comment*/
}
Variables
Integers – Short – Long
#include
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int x; //defining variable x as integer; check the size and limits of this variable type based on your OS, variable name is called identifier and it can be letters, numbers or _ and must start with letter or _ and can’t be any of keywords; it’s case sensitive!
int y; //this is called declaration and definition in the same time as it sets space for the variable in the memory; note that declaration need not be in the beginning of the program
short l; //that's a different integer type, with fixed size and range
long p; //that's a different integer type, with fixed size and range
x=20; //assigning 20 to x; it’s called assignment statement
y=x+10; //note that we must terminate with a semicolon; here x and 10 are considered integer constants
cout << "y=" ;
cout<<y<<endl;
return 0;
}
Char
#include
using namespace std;
int main()
{
char a= 'A'; //that's called "initialization" as give a value with declaring it as a character variable (type of size 1 byte, can store characters as ASCII number)
char b='\t'; // here \t is an escape sequence for tab; a: beep, b:backspace, f:formfeed, n:newline, r:return, \,',"":as they are, xdd:hexadecimal notation
cout << a ;
cout<<b;
a='\f';
cout<<a;
cout<<'\n';
return 0;
}
Floating Point – double – long double
#include
using namespace std;
int main()
{
float rad=5; //defining variable of type float (other types include long and double)
const float PI=3.14159F; //that's a constant qualifier; makes sure PI doesnt change; note the F to make sure it's float (compare to #define directive as #define PI 3.14)
float area = PI * rad * rad;
cout << "Area = " <<area<<endl;
return 0;
}
Bool
Covered later
unsigned data types
#include
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int signedVar = 1500000000; //that's our regular signed integer variable (can have a sign + or -)
unsigned int unsignVar=1500000000; //now that's unsigned variable, it has larger range
signedVar=(signedVar*2)/3; //this calculation exceeds the range for signed variable
unsignVar=(unsignVar*2)/3; //this, however is still in the range
cout<<signedVar<<" "<<unsignVar<<endl; //that's why signedVar is wrong and unsignVar is correct
return 0;
}
-431655765 1000000000 Process returned 0 (0x0) execution time : 0.080 s Press any key to continue.
Type Conversion
#include
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int s=7;
float p=12.5F;
double t=s*p; //even though s and p are different variable types, C do it with no problem, other languages don't permit it while it happens here automatically; the compiler changes the s type to float and then p to double (it goes from lowest to highest: char - short - int - long - float - double - double long
cout<<"T = 7*12.5 = "<<t<<endl;
return 0;
}
T = 7*12.5 = 87.5
Process returned 0 (0x0) execution time : 0.080 s
Press any key to continue.
Casts
#include
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int x = 1500000000;
x=(x*10)/10; //doing the multiplication step will bring a number beyond range of integer variable type
cout<<"X = "<<x<<endl; //wrong answer of course
x=1500000000;
x=(static_cast(x)*10)/10; //cast is used to manually convert a variable type, it has different kinds, here we use static cast; you use it in this form static_cast(VariableNameToBeConverted), y=static_cast(x)
cout<<"X = "<<x<<endl; //correct answer; note that casting created a temporary variable that stored that big value
return 0;
}
X = 211509811
X = 1500000000
Process returned 0 (0x0) execution time : 0.080 s
Press any key to continue.
Output/Input
#include
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int ftemp;
cout<<"Welcome to Fahrenheit to Celsius program"<<endlftemp; //store the input to the variable ftemp
int ctemp=(ftemp-32)*5/9; //calculating temperature in C
cout << "Temperature in C = " <<ctemp<<endl; //cout can differentiate between a string constant and a variable, notice the insertion operator, can be cascaded too for cin
return 0;
}
Welcome to Fahrenheit to Celsius program
Please enter temperature in F
118
Temperature in C = 47
Process returned 0 (0x0) execution time : 6.801 s
Press any key to continue.
#include
using namespace std;
int main()
{
long pop1=2459517, pop2=18,pop3=9164; //note how we initialized the variables in same line
cout <<"Location "<<"Population"<<endl
<<"New York "<<pop1<
<<"Chicago "<<pop2<
<<"San Jose "<<pop3<<endl; //the outputs is not well organized; not aligned
return 0;
}
Location Population
New York 2459517
Chicago 18
San Jose 9164
Process returned 0 (0x0) execution time : 0.080 s
Press any key to continue.
#include
#include //we have to include this header file to use setw manipulator
using namespace std;
int main()
{
long pop1=2459517, pop2=18,pop3=9164;
cout <<setw(8)<<"Location"<<setw(12)<<"Population"<
<<setw(8)<<"New York"<<setw(12)<<pop1<
<<setw(8)<<"Chicagoo"<<setw(12)<<pop2<<endl
<<setw(8)<<"San Jose"<<setw(12)<<pop3<<endl; //the output is lined up to the right
return 0;
}
Location Population
New York 2459517
Chicagoo 18
San Jose 9164
Process returned 0 (0x0) execution time : 0.094 s
Press any key to continue.
Arithmetic Operators
#include
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout<<6%8<<endl<<7%8<<endl<<8%8<<endl<<9%8<<endl<<10%8<<endl; //calculates and outputs the remainder; higher precedence than <<
int x=30;
x+=5; //arithmetic assignment operator, equivalent to x=x+5
cout<<"\nx=x+5=x+5"<<x<<endl; //same we can go for x*=5 x/=7 x%=3
int counter=1;
cout<<"\ncounter="<<++counter<<endl; //increment operator, here prefix, so it increment variable before output
cout<<"counter="<<counter++<<endl; //however here it's postfix, so it increment variable after output
cout<<"counter="<<counter<<endl; //now, it has been incremented, so it outputs 3
return 0;
}
6
7
0
1
2
x=x+5=x+535
counter=2
counter=2
counter=3
Process returned 0 (0x0) execution time : 0.060 s
Press any key to continue.
Logical operators
#include
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout<<"Enter a number"x;
cout<<"\nNumebr < 10 is counter="<<(x<10)<<endl; //check if the number is < 10 and if true displays 1 and false 0
cout<<"\nNumebr = 10 is counter="<<(x==10)<<endl; //check if the number equals 10 note we use == not = which is assignment
cout< 10 is counter="<10)<10 note that 0 is false and any other value (-13 or 159) is true
return 0;
}
Enter a number
19
Numebr 10 is counter=1
Process returned 0 (0x0) execution time : 2.529 s
Press any key to continue.
